現在完成式
現在完成式的構成
任何動詞的現在完成式都是以兩個要素構成：依人稱使用正確的助動詞 to have（現在式）的型態，加上主要動詞的過去分詞。規則動詞的過去分詞為動詞原型 + ed，例如 played、arrived、looked。至於不規則動詞，請參考「動詞」頁面上的不規則動詞表。
| 肯定句 | ||
| 主詞 | to have | 過去分詞 |
| She | has | visited. |
| 否定句 | ||
| 主詞 | to have + not | 過去分詞 |
| She | has not (hasn't) | visited. |
| 疑問句 | ||
| to have | 主詞 | 過去分詞 |
| Has | she | visited? |
| 否定型疑問句 | ||
| to have + not | 主詞 | 過去分詞 |
| Hasn't | she | visited? |
現在完成式，以 to walk 為例
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑問句 |
|---|---|---|
| I have walked. | I haven't walked. | Have I walked? |
| You have walked. | You haven't walked. | Have you walked? |
| He, she, it has walked. | He, she, hasn't walked. | Has he, she, it walked? |
| We have walked. | We haven't walked. | Have we walked? |
| You have walked. | You haven't walked. | Have you walked? |
| They have walked. | They haven't walked. | Have they walked? |
現在完成式的作用
現在完成式是用來表明現在與過去的連結。動作的時間是在過去，並沒有一個具體的時間點。我們往往更强调結果，而非动作本身。
要留意！也許您的母語中也有相似的動詞時態，但意思不見得是一樣的。
現在完成式是用來描述：
- 始於過去的動作或狀態，到目前仍持續著。I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= 而且到現在還是。)
- 在一段時間內做過、但還沒有結束的動作。She has been to the cinema twice this week (= 而且這禮拜還沒過完。)
- 在過去到現在之間的一段不明確的時間內重複發生的動作。We have visited Portugal several times.
- 在不久前完成的動作，以「just」來表達。I have just finished my work.
- 發生時間並不重要的動作。He has read 'War and Peace'. (= 閱讀的結果很重要)
注意：如果想要針對何時、何地、何人給予或詢問細節，我們會用過去簡單式。關於這方面可以參考這篇文章，了解如何在現在完成式和過去簡單式之間做選擇。
始於過去且目前持續在做的動作
- They haven't lived here for years.
- She has worked in the bank for five years.
- We have had the same car for ten years.
- Have you played the piano since you were a child?
當提及的時間點還沒結束
- I have worked hard this week.
- It has rained a lot this year.
- We haven't seen her today.
在過去到現在之間不具體的時間範圍內重複做的動作
- They have seen that film six times
- It has happened several times already.
- She has visited them frequently.
- We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
剛結束的動作（加 just）
- Have you just finished work?
- I have just eaten.
- We have just seen her.
- Has he just left?
當動作的確切時間並不重要或未知時
- Someone has eaten my soup!
- Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
- She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
進一步了解如何在現在完成式中使用 ever、never、already 和 yet，以及在現在完成式中使用 for 和 since。