在眾多標點符號中,撇號可能是最令人頭痛的一種了!撇號在英語中有兩種非常不同(也非常重要)的用法:所有格和縮寫;甚至連母語人士都會搞混。
撇號用於縮寫
英語中最常出現撇號的情況是縮寫,也就是名詞+動詞或代名詞+動詞的縮寫。切記,撇號常取代被省略的字母;在這種情況下,它會加在縮寫字詞的左上方。
類型 | 未使用縮寫的寫法 | 縮寫 |
---|---|---|
用「not」 | is not, has not, had not, did not, would not, can not | isn't, hasn't, hadn't, didn't, wouldn't, can't |
用「is」 | she is, there is, he is, it is, Mary is, Jim is, Germany is, who is | she's, there's, he's, it's, Mary's, Jim's, Germany's, who's |
用「am」 | I am | I'm |
用「will」 | I will, you will, she will, we will, they will | I'll, you'll, she'll, we'll, they'll |
用「would」 | I would, you would, he would, we would, they would | I'd, you'd, he'd, we'd, they'd |
用「have」 | I have, you have, we have, they have | I've, you've, we've, they've |
用「are」 | you are, they are, we are | you're, they're, we're |
即使是英語母語人士都會搞不清 its 和 it's、you're 和 your、who's 和 whose,還有 they're、their 和 there。以下例句會示範這幾個的差別:
舉例
- It's a nice day outside.(代名詞 + Be 動詞的縮寫)
- The cat is dirty. Its fur is matted.(所有格)
- You're not supposed to be here.(代名詞 + Be 動詞的縮寫)
- This is your book.(所有格)
- Who's at the door?(疑問詞+ Be 動詞的縮寫)
- Whose shoes are these?(who 的所有格)
- They're not here yet.(代名詞 + Be 動詞的縮寫)
- Their car is red.(所有格)
- His car is over there.(地方副詞)
所有格中的撇號
在多數情況下,只要在名詞後加 ’s 即形成所有格。
舉例
- a ship's captain
- a doctor's patient
- a car's engine
- Ibrahim's coat
- Mirianna's book
非以 s 結尾的複數名詞也是用這個規則:
舉例
- the children's room
- the men's work
- the women's club
一般以 s 結尾的名詞,無論它是單數還是複數,只要在 s 後加一個撇號即形成所有格。
舉例
- the bus' wheel
- the babies' crying
- the ladies' tennis club
- the teachers' journal
以 s 結尾的專有名詞(如人名、城市名或國名)構成所有格的方式有兩種,一種是在字尾加撇號+s,或只加撇號。現今兩種寫法都正確(Jones 的所有格可以寫成 Jones's 或 Jones'),但近年來許多大型機構在公布其名稱時,都傾向去掉撇號,直接在字尾加 s(例如 Barclays Bank、Missing Persons Bureau)。
舉例
- The Hughes' home (或 The Hughes's home)
- Mr Jones's shop (或 Mr Jones' shop)
- Charles' book (或 Charles's book)